| MONSTROUS EARTHQUAKE TO HIT OHIO? |
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| Friday, 24 January 2014 17:49 | |
January 24, 2014 5:55 PM EST (TRN http://www.TurnerRadioNetwork.com )
-- A historic earthquake with monstrous destruction may be in the works
near Mansfield, Ohio as residents and local TV report strange lights
emanating from the ground. While the local TV Weatherman claims all is well - saying it's only ice crystals in the air - this phenomenon has been seen before in many places just days or hours before a massive earthquake. Complete details below. . .
Published January 6, 2014
Rare
flashes of light that are sometimes seen around earthquakes are not
caused by birds, or planes, or UFOs—all of which had been previously
used to explain the phenomena known as earthquake lights.
Instead, the lights are caused by electrical properties of certain rocks in specific settings, report scientists in a new paper.
Freund says common forms of earthquake lights include
bluish flames that appear to come out of the ground at ankle height;
orbs of light called ball lightning
that float in the air for tens of seconds or even minutes; and quick
flashes of bright light that resemble regular lightning strikes, except
they come out of the ground instead of the sky and can stretch up to
650 feet (200 meters).
Historic Sightings
Over the centuries, there have been many reports of earthquake lights, both before and while the ground is shaking.
Just seconds before the 2009 L'Aquila, Italy, earthquake,
people saw four-inch (ten-centimeter) flames of light flickering above a
stone street.
On November 12, 1988, people reported a bright purple-pink
globe of light along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, 11 days before a
powerful quake.
People also reported seeing a faint rainbow of light before the great 1906 quake in San Francisco and lights before the devastating 1811-12 New Madrid earthquakes in Missouri.
Freund and colleagues studied such historic accounts going all the way back to the year 1600 and published their findings in Seismological Research Letters.
UFO Fodder
"In the past, people often interpreted [earthquake lights]
in religious terms, and in modern times they thought of UFOs, although
there is a completely rational physical explanation that we are working
on," Freud says.
Jim Conacher thought he was seeing UFOs when he spied seven
yellow, luminous globes floating on a mountain on Tagish Lake in
Canada's Yukon territory in the early 1970s.
A retired Canadian government agriculture inspector,
Conacher took a photo of the lights, which circulated widely as
purported evidence of a UFO encounter.
Photograph by Jim Conacher
Earthquake lights are captured in this photo taken at Tagish Lake, in the Yukon Territory, in 1972
Freund and colleagues noticed that the timing of Conacher's
photo seemed to place it just a few hours before the nearby Cross
Sound earthquake of July 1, 1973, which measured 6.7 on the Richter
scale.
For many years, sightings of earthquake lights were dismissed by the serious geology community.
But in the mid-1960s, during a series of earthquakes in
Nagano, Japan, scientists made photos of earthquake lights that were
clearly tied to the geologic activity. Since then, an increasing number
of the phenomena have been captured on film and video, Freund said, in
part because of the rise of surveillance cameras.
For example, cameras caught clear images of earthquake
lights in Pisco, Peru, in August 2007, during a magnitude 8 earthquake
there.
How Earthquake Lights Form
Over the past few years, various theories have been
proposed for how earthquake lights form, including the disruption of the
Earth's magnetic field by tectonic stress and the so-called
piezoelectric effect, in which quartz-bearing rocks produce voltages
when compressed in a certain way.
But Freund and colleagues now report that what causes earthquake lights appears to be an entirely different electrical process.
"When nature stresses certain rocks, electric charges are
activated, as if you switched on a battery in the Earth's crust," he
says.
The types of rocks that are particularly given to the
phenomenon are basalts and gabbros, which have tiny defects in their
crystals. When a seismic wave hits, electrical charges in the rocks may
be released.
In some areas, basalts and gabbros are present in vertical
structures called dikes, which formed as magma cooled along vertical
faults and may reach as deep as 60 miles (97 kilometers) underground.
These dikes may funnel electrical charges along, the scientists wrote.
"The charges can combine and form a kind of plasma-like
state, which can travel at very high velocities and burst out at the
surface to make electric discharges in the air," Freund added. Those
discharges are what make the colorful light shows.
The right conditions for lights exist in less than 0.5
percent of earthquakes worldwide, the scientists estimate, which
explains why the phenomena are relatively rare.
Earthquake lights seem to be most common in Italy, Greece,
France, Germany, China, and parts of South America, though they have
been observed in Japan, North America, and elsewhere.
The lights can occur weeks before major
earthquakes, Freund noted, or during actual shaking. They have been
recorded at distances of up to 100 miles (160 kilometers) from the
epicenter.
Predicting Earthquakes?
Freund is working with other scientists on a global
earthquake forecasting system and says scientists have started including
earthquake lights as an indicator that a tremblor might be coming. (He
avoids the term "prediction" because "it implies too much precision.")
"If we see two, three, or four characteristic phenomena,
then it looks like there might be an earthquake," he said. He admitted
that earthquake lights tend to be rare, but added, "If they are
observed, let's watch out."
But others say that the lights will be of limited use for such forecasts.
"Earthquake lights are unlikely to be very helpful with
earthquake prediction because they don't seem to be reported all that
often," says Bruce Presgrave, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological
Survey's National Earthquake Information Center.
Earthquake lights have already been used to help predict
quakes. Just before Italy's L'Aquila earthquake in 2009, a man in his
kitchen saw bright flashes of light. Because he had reportedly read about earthquake lights before, he moved his family to a safer place.
In China in 1976, a geologist took shelter after seeing lights, which were followed by the deadly Tangshan quake.
Still, Freund says the lights are a small part of his broader work involving the electrical conductivity of rocks.
"I wasn't interested in earthquakes in the beginning, but
then I realized that electrical phenomena are being activated by stress
in the rocks," he says. "Earthquake lights are the tip of the iceberg,
the most extreme expression of these phenomena, but underneath there
are lots of other aspects, and we are considering measuring these in
the context of forecasting."
As a next step, Freund hopes to reproduce earthquake lights
in a laboratory. He also wants to better understand what causes the
outburst of energy that leads to visible light.
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